Legalizing Physician Assisted Suicide

As I stand in front of you, my thoughts go to thousands of patients in the world today that are undergoing intense suffering and tormenting experience for they have been denied to exercise that one great decision regarding their life. My thoughts also go towards hundreds of medical practitioners charged with the responsibility of caring for such patients. To what length should I go to save this patients life? For how long can this patient hold on to life and is the pain worthy it? It is more than certain that almost each and every medical practitioner has ever mulled over these two questions alongside many others. In the same breath he or she has also thought of the ethical dilemma involved should a rash decision be made on the issue. The debate on whether physician assisted suicide should be legalized has raged on for sometime now and has taken an emotion twist (Cook, Earleen H., 1982). It is my opinion that this debate should be put to rest. A look at the positive side of legalizing physician assisted suicide leaves no doubt that it is the only way to go. It is the only way to relieve a patient who is undergoing a moment of immeasurable suffering and whose end is certainly nigh (Beauchamp, T.L., 1989). There are a number of reasons why physician assisted suicide should be legalized. The most basic reason is mercy .As human beings, we are endowed with loads of emotions and a conscience that cannot allow us to sit back and watch as our beloved ones wallow in a miasma of suffering, especially when we have the ability to end such suffering. It hence would be inhumane to watch as patients undergo a slow and painful death. Secondly, we talk abut individual rights and freedom, what more freedom would there be than allowing a patient to make that crucial decision in determining his/her hour of death and quell the bouts of pains tormenting him her. Finally, the huge cost of maintaining life in the face of sure death cannot be rationalized. Why should we spend millions in taking care of people in a vegetative state while million others are dying due to lack of basic drugs? (Kenneth Cauthen, 1998) The opponents of legalizing suicide are only afraid of change. Their arguments do not hold any water. They talk of difficulties in regulation, sanctity of life and further state that sometimes miracles do happen. These arguments are just but empty words and cannot be compared to the suffering our beloved ones go through as they try to grapple with the last painful moments of their lives. It is the high time that bold steps are taken. It the time to bend the Hippocratic oath, at least for a just cause. It is the time to â€Å"change the rules† as Jack Kevorkian, an American pathologist and the pioneer of the latest debate of legalizing physician-assisted suicide, puts it. (Ed Newman, 1996) References Ed Newman, 1996. Making the final choice: Should physician-assisted suicide be legalized? Truth seeker. Retrieved on 03/11/07 from http://www.banned-books.com/truth-seeker/1994archieve/121-5/ts215m.html Beauchamp, T.L., 1989, â€Å"Suicide in the Age of Reason,† in Suicide and Euthanasia: Historical and Contemporary Themes, ed. B.A. Brody (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Cook, Earleen H., 1982.  Euthanasia and the right to die:   the medical and legal viewpoint.   Monticello, IL:   Vance Bibliographies.

Global Marketing Essay

Sinar Sosro Private Limited is the first company that introduced bottled jasmine tea to the public in Indonesia in the year 1940. The family started their business in Central Java, Indonesia which then expanded their market to Jakarta, Indonesia. Initially, the jasmine tea was brewed on the spot and served to the consumers. However, after they expand their market to Jakarta, they realize that the consumers find the tea that was brewed on the spot find the drink is too hot to be consume. Thus Sosro come out with a new strategy, the bottling system. In 1970, they came out with the first design of the bottle where tea was pre-brewed and bottled when it was cooled down and thus sell it to the consumers. The design of the bottle changed again in 1972 and 1974, which the latter design was used till now. Today, there are 4 different products which are under Sosro Logo. They are Bottled Sosro tea, Sosro Fruit tea, Sosro Teabag and Sosro Joy Green Tea. In addition to the local market, Sinar Sosro had also penetrated to the overseas market mainly by exporting their products in Tetra Pak and can packages to several countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei Darussalan and several countries in the Middle Eastern countries, Africa, Australia and United States. In this report, I will be investigating and analyse the opportunities exist in Singapore for Sosro brand product which is the Sosro Teabag which comes from Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SINGAPORE Singapore is known as one of the best country in the world for having the suitable environment for business. Located at the crossroads of the international trade routes, it is a constant top choice by multinationals organization to invest their money in. Singapore is known as a multi-cultural country with its diverse ethnic group, thus the varieties of cuisines are always in need. Food and Beverage business is one of the major business in Singapore and there is always a market for investors under this sector. Below, we will be analyzing the environment of Singapore and it is chosen to be the destination of the product. GEOGRAPHIC Located in the central of South East Asia, Singapore has one of the major advantages in doing business through their sea routes. The availability of the international and domestic transportation as well as the natural seaport had allowed Singapore to be one of the important hubs in the international trading. Changi Airport, the international airport of Singapore allows the country to connect with more than 180 countries in the world. This location allows them to easily access to all the premier Asian market. SOCIO-CULTURAL / PEOPLE With a population of more than 4 million people including expatriates, Singapore is a densely populated island with different races of people living harmoniously together. The people are the main drive behind most of the government decisions which aim to provide a better life for the people. With a population growth rate of 3. 1% in 2009, the literacy rate of the population comes up to 95% in total contributes to the economic boom in Singapore. The increase of the population plays a major part in the increase of the demand especially in the manufacturing field. Singapore is a knowledge based country, thus explained the highly educated people in the country. According to the Labor Force Evaluation Measurement report, Singapore has the best labor force in the world. Many of them have high productivity, technical proficiency, work hard and work smart culture. With professionals coming from all over the world, they bring extensive knowledge and professional expertise as well as experience which also contributes to the welfare of Singapore. The distribution channels for the food and beverage industry in Singapore can be divided into two main sectors. They are through retailers (includes wet markets, shopping malls, and supermarkets) and food services (e. g. hotels, restaurants, airlines). When it comes to distributing the products, many of them are controlled by local suppliers and their agents. Many of the channels prefer to purchase the products directly from the suppliers if they have large order quantity, for example, NTUC Fairprice and Cold Storage. However, for those who have a smaller order quantity will purchase their products from reliable suppliers. INFRASTRUCTURE Constant upgrading of the country’s infrastructure, Singapore remains as one of the most sought after country by investors to do their business. It is also ranked as Asia’s top convention city which had hosted some of the world’s most prestigious events. Depending on the size or nature of the business, investors can choose to set up their operations in an industrial/business park, own establishments or move into a readily available commercial buildings. As it is a technology savy country, Singapore tries to use technology to build up their efficiency and approximately 99% of the population have access to internet broadband network. POLITICAL / LEGAL Singapore political system is one that depicts laws, decides priorities and sets regulations using a rational and pro-business approach. It have a vision of bringing the country to the front line of the industrialized nations with its stable and orderly government. Singapore government emphasizes its efficiency and effectiveness in every walk of life. As it is run with integrity and transparent, investors can set up their business in an efficient manner without any hassle, bureaucratic delays or the need to pay corrupt officials. According to World Bank’s report, Singapore is rated strongly for government effectiveness, regulatory quality and control of corruption. Singapore government reviews their policies and programmes and takes extreme measure to restore their economy back to stable as quickly as possible if they come upon economic crisis. Development of Singapore laws reflect and awareness of the need to recognize and accommodate the investors with their current international business and commercial practices. As there are clear-cut laws regarding working hours, minimum wages, industrial protection and taxation, Singapore makes an attractive place for investors to set up and operate their businesses. ECONOMY One of the major reasons of doing business in Singapore is the economic factor. Being a member of ASEAN (Association of South East Asia) and FTA (Free Trade Agreement) allows Singapore to be of the best destination to do their business. As part of the member of FTA, Singapore had signed an agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme on 28 January 1992 which aims to eliminate tariffs and non-tariff barriers in the region. Other than Singapore, countries who are part of the ASEAN had also signed the agreement. Investors also enjoy a range of benefits such as preferential access to certain sectors, attractive tax regime, liberal immigration policies and intellectual property protection. Taxes are always an important factor that all investors take into consideration. One of the unique advantages of Singapore is that they have low corporate taxes. Companies that earn profit up to SGD 300,000 are imposed with 9% tax and it is capped at 18% for the amount more than that. Furthermore, Singapore follow a single-tier tax policy which means investors will be able to receive dividends tax free. In order to move away from direct taxes, Singapore government have adopted a more broad based consumption tax which is known as Goods and Services Taxes (GST) which is 7%. Intellectual Property Protection is taken seriously in Singapore. Investors or companies are able to register their trademarks in Singapore and also to apply for global trademark registration. In order to promote their economy, Singapore government had also established few programmes which is to assist investors to improve the efficiency and explore new opportunities. The availability of loans, grants and tax incentive as well as equity financing gave many investors the reason to invest in Singapore. COMPETITORS As all the information above mentioned, we know that the industry of food and beverage in Singapore is a thriving business. Thus there are many companies that brought in their products to the country. In the current market, there are many competitors that bring in their product. Using our product as a category, we have tea brands such as Lipton, Dilmah, Twinnings, Boh Plantations tea and many others as our competitors. CONCLUSION After analyzing the environment of Singapore, we realize that there are many opportunities that can be explored by the company for our products. With the correct strategy and right marketing strategy, we will be able to have a competitive advantage against other competitors and put our brand to the front. Looking at the economy of Singapore and how the government made decisions with the pro-business attitude, we believe that Singapore will be a good choice of location to invest the product. REFERENCES 1. EDB Singapore (2009), Singapore Facts and Figures, July 24 2010 http://www. fta. gov. sg/benefit. htm 2. FTA Singapore (2008), Benefits of FTA, July 24, 2010 http://www. fta. gov. sg/benefit. htm 3. Focus Singapore (2009), Business Opportunities, July 27, 2010 http://www. focussingapore. com/singapore-industry/business-opportunities. tml 4. Guide Me Singapore (2008), Advantages of Doing Business in Singapore, July 25, 2010 http://www. guidemesingapore. com/business/c643-singapore-business-setup-benefits. htm 5. Kotabe, M. and Helsen, K. (2008) Global Marketing Management, John Wiley and Sons Inc. United States of America 6. Sosro (2008), Company Profile, July 23, 2010 http://www. sosro. com/sejarah-bisnis. php 7. Statistics Singapore (2007), Latest Data, July 24, 2010 http://www. sing stat. gov. sg/stats/latestdata. html

Assignment Working Capital Essay

Abstract In this paper I’ll analyze the fundamental differences between the working capital structures and components for Google and Oracle, and speculate upon the main reasons why such differences exist; how each company could improve its working capital positions. As a Wall Street Analyst who has to recommend one of the companies as an investment to a company’s clients; based solely on that company’s working capital; as an Investment Banker who has to recommend loaning a substantial amount of capital to one company based solely on that company’s working capital. Working capital structures The selected companies that I have selected to compare are Google and Oracle. Google Inc. is a company that specializes on providing online tools such as search, differences between the working capital structures and components for each chosen company. Oracle Corporation is responsible for developing, marketing, and servicing of database and middleware software, system hardware and software applications. The company also offers consulting services in areas such as business architecture planning and design, and enterprise and information technology alignment. Both Google Inc. and Oracle Corporation have been performing well thus investments can be made in the companies. In the financial year 2014 Google Inc. had a net income of $16.86 million, an increase of 17% compared to the previous year. The net profit margin for the company was registered at 29%. (morningstar.com)The balance sheet provides that the Morningstar.com had total asset amounting to 72.89 million which is an increase f rom previous year. Total organizational profits were amounting to 110.9 million and shareholders’ equity of 87.31millions. The financial ratios for the company indicate that the company had a debt to equity ratio 0.05 indicating that its equity is enough to cover debt. The current ratio for the year 2014 was 8.0 showing that current liabilities cannot be fully covered by the current assets. Another financial ratio indicating company financial condition is book value per  share which amounted to $145.68. Investment return ratios include return on equity of 14.80%, return on assets of 11.65% and return of capital of 18.1 indicating that the company is adequate using its assets and equity to generate returns for the company. Morningstar (2014) provides that Google had a price earning of 18.88 and earnings per share of 27.72 indicating that income is high. In order to determine the risk of investing in the company I identified the beta value which is provided at 0.91. (morningstar.com) On the other hand Oracle Corporation registered 28.62% decrease in net income in 2014 which is .7% increase compared to 2013. The net profit margin for the compared is established at 81.09%. The total assets in the company as at 31st May 2014 was $ 99,726.00 indicating a strong asset base while the total liabilities amounted to $13,377.00 and shareholders’ equity was valued at $ 47.93 million. The financial condition in Oracle can be identified using financial analysis such as current ratio which is determined to be 2.8 for the company showing that current liabilities are greater compared to current assets. The debt to equity ratio is determined to be 0.40 thus the company is able to meet its debts as and when it arises. Interest coverage is provided at 16.4 while book value per share is 10.50. Oracle’s return on equity for the financial year 2014 was 23.4, return on assets 12.13% was while return on capital was 17.42 thus the company is effective in generating returns for equity. The diluted earnings per share is 2.38 and the beta value is provided at 2.39. (Morningstar.com) Improve working capital Improving working capital position, a company is able to compare from year to year any increase in revenue; increase in production due to a decrease in variable or fixed costs, increase in sales due to a new sales workforce and any increase in liabilities; new short term creditors, a higher accounts payable account due to the need to purchase new materials. A company can improve its working capital by trying to keep a healthy balance between the two accounts, cutting costs, and analyzing its current short-term debt in terms of how to decrease it or find alternative ways to avoid it such as restructuring production procedures. (Schroeder, el. 2014) Role of a Wall Street Analyst As Wall Street Analyst deciding which company to invest in I would determine  whether the company is stable financially, investment returns and risks associated with the investments. Gross working capital means the amount invested in the current assets of the company.Net working capital means the difference between the current assets and current liabilities. If the current assets are more than the current liabilities, then it is positive working capital. Otherwise, it is negative working capital. Working capital is the measure of company’s solvency, its ability to pay its suppliers without any delay. Considering these factors I would invest in Google since it has higher earnings per share and an investor is likely to receive higher returns when dividend is paid. Google has registered stronger growth compared to Oracle evidenced by increase in profit levels. (Schroeder, el. 2014) Investment Bank As an Investment Bank whom with solely working capital by increase in current assets is the outflow of cash and when the company increases its current liabilities, it is inflow of cash. If the changes in working capital are negative, it means the company is heavily investing on current assets or reducing the current liabilities. When the changes in working capital is positive, it means the company is selling of current assets or increasing its current liabilities. I would especially invest in Google’s bonds compared to stock since bonds have a guaranteed rate of interest thus I would be receiving returns after an agreed period. Selection of bonds over stock is supported by the fact that the company has a lower beta vale compared to Oracle thus it has less risk to default on the loan. (Schroeder, el. 2014) References Google Inc. Financials Report Retrieved November 16, 2014 http://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=GOOG Msn. (2014). Oracle Corporation. Financial Results. Retrieved November 16, 2014 from Http://Moneycentral.Msn.Com/Investor/Invsub/Results/Statemnt.Aspx?Lststatement=Balance&Symbol=Us%3aorcl&Stmtview=Qtr Oracle Corporation Financials Report Retrieved November 16, 2014 http://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=ORCL Schroeder, R. G., Clark, M. W., & Cathey, J. M. (2014). Financial Accounting Theory And

Consumer Decision Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer Decision Process - Essay Example Consumer decision process is complex and is affected by several factors. In this paper the factors affecting consumer decision process are examined with the help of an actual purchase situation of a vacation and well supplanted with theoretical support. Grounding Theory There is a five step process in the consumer buying process: need recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision, and post purchase evaluation. Consumers can go through three types of decision-making. The first is routine decision-making which is used when the purchase is simple, inexpensive, and familiar. Another is called limited decision-making. The consumer uses this type when decision-making involves a moderate search and purchasing effort. The final decision-making process is referred to as extensive and is used when the product is unfamiliar or very significant to consumers. Consumers may search for brand and outlets in combinations (Hawkins et.al, 1983). Most consumers are influenced by various groups in the decision-making buying process. Consumer choices are nested and interlocked across the assorted contexts of daily life (e.g., First and Dholakia 1982; Huffman, Ratneshwar, and Mick 2000).We examine these contexts in following paragraphs. Demographic Influences Demographic and economic descriptors of a market are often helpful but insufficient to explain what is purchased by consumers. They provide us with directional indicators of the total quantity purchased by variously categorized consumers but they are unable to pinpoint the specific choices of the consumers and what factors determined such choices. These factors can reveal little about the individual assortment of products purchased, brand choice, brand switching etc. Typical examples of such factors are agewise, income wise, region wise, brand wise sales or purchase data. Such data can provide broad leads for future marketing efforts. The marketing efforts however can only be truly guided by deeper analysis of other factors as discussed below. Motivation In consumer motivation there are essentially two views. First view holds the Freudian position that forces shaping people's behavior are largely unconscious. People may be unwilling, or unable to reveal or identify what is motivating them. In such cases identification of motivating factors becomes arduous. They have to be conjectured with the help of patterns of consumer behavior to given stimuli-often in controlled conditions. It has to be supplanted by additional efforts in indirect structured searching. Second view is attributed to the development of Maslow's need hierarchy. This view states that consumers are driven to satisfy certain needs at particular times and these needs can be arranged in a hierarchical pattern. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, there are five categories of needs viz. (1) physiological, (2) safety, (3) social, (4) esteem, and (5) self-actualization. They form a pyramid structure with the lowest and broadest

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Reflection - Essay Example This paper is based on an actual experience during my community placement with a patient I shall refer to as Mr. Smith (not his real name). To protect his identity and in accordance with patient confidentiality, his real name shall not be used in this reflection (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Reflective practice is the process of thinking about one’s actions in the clinical setting and taking responsibility for improving one’s professional skills. Taylor (2006) mentions that reflection allows a person to review the positive aspects of one’s actions in the clinical setting and to build on such achievements in order to identify areas which require improvement. The nursing profession is a dynamic and ever-changing profession and according to the Department of Health (DOH, 2004) and the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG, 2002), nurses have to expand their knowledge in order to improve their practice. A discussion by Jasper (2003), pointed out that knowledge gain ed from reflection fills in the gaps between theory and practice. This is crucial to nurses because continuous development is an important part of clinical governance (Royal College of Nursing, 2003). In effect, reflective practice helps improve the quality of care delivered to patients. The topic was chosen in order to demonstrate professional development in the communication skills seen in the delivery of patient care. This development would assist in evaluating patient advocacy in the multi-professional team. It would also help ensure that a nursing practitioner is able to identify the gaps in her communication skills with the patient. Gibbs, reflective cycle There are different reflective frameworks which were considered for this assignment; these frameworks also provide useful guidance in reflection. However, the Gibbs Reflective Cycle was chosen because it is familiar and helps provide a structured and simplistic cycle. Bulman (2008) however argues that the Gibbs Reflective Cy cle is too broad and it implies an incoherent reflective process. Nevertheless, this reflective cycle is the most appropriate cycle to apply because it includes specific elements of the experience which allow reflective processes to change and improve clinical practice (Johns, 2004). In establishing a framework for reflection, it is important to note that the reflective process is an intellectual and an affective experience which involves the process of exploring one’s experience in order to successfully initiate change (Bulman, 2004). It is therefore important for a reflection to lead to change in one’s behavior and clinical practice. Without adequate guidance in the process, the student or learner might not be able successfully learn from the reflective process (Benner, 1994). With the guided help of my mentors and more experienced clinical practitioners they would help ensure that I would be able to pass through the reflective process and learn from his reflection. 1. Description of the event During my placement with the District nursing team, my mentor asked me to accompany her to a gentleman’s house in order to carry out an assessment and to explain what services were available. Before the interview, I dressed professionally and appropriately, making sure that my uniform was crisp and clean and my hair was arranged properly. The referral came from his wife, and not from the patient, as the patient was recently discharged from the hospital.

Central or European youth group and another youth group with Research Paper

Central or European youth group and another youth group with subculture similarities - Research Paper Example There is no wonder therefore that issues of subcultures are most popular with the youth and various youth groups. Through the research, it was actually established that the act of adapting to a particular subculture is actually something that is not the reserve of any particular origination of youth group but that it cuts across almost al parts of the world (Tschopik, 2001). To this end, with any part of the world that a person finds him or herself, there is likely to be some kind of subculture practiced and adhered to. One other peculiar feature of these youth group based subcultures is that they keep changing with time. In the first part of the report, the Mod subculture shall briefly be compared and contrasted to the Ted subculture; all of England. Further on, the Mod subculture shall be compared and contrasted to three other youth groups from other parts of the world including Latin America and Africa. There are three major similarities between the Mod and Ted. First, it was discovered that the two youth groups have a similar origination. Critical research reveals that it is a common thing that whenever one youth group springs up, in a particular country or area of the world, there is the tendency that there will be opposition youth groups to these youth groups (Worn, 1951). For this reason, it is common to find two or more youth groups springing up from just one location. In this case, the two sprang up from England. The second similarity is that the two youth groups came around just at the same time and this was in the 1950s. The same reason why the two groups originated from the same place still holds valid for why just around the same time, there were two different youth groups forming two different subcultures. The final similarity among these two youth groups has to do with the kind of activities they involved themselves in. the research actually reveals that both groups wer e very much into music and fashion. Yet

Compare and Contrast US policy toward Cuba under George H.W. Bush and Research Proposal

Compare and Contrast US policy toward Cuba under George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton - Research Proposal Example Currently, there exists no official diplomatic relationship between Cuba and the U.S; rather the countries have maintained an embargo that makes any business association between Cubans and U.S corporations illegal. Analysts argue that the conflict between the U.S and Cuba is as a result of the Americans imperialism ideology that is invading the freedom of Cubans. The U.S has maintained its military troops in Guantanamo Bay despite Cuba’s independence in 1992. This move has continued hindering the process of transformation in Cuba and the diplomatic relationship between the two nations is described as tense. The Cuban ambassadorial representation in the U.S in handled by Interest sections in Washington D.C while the U.S is represented politically by similar interest section in Havana. The U.S administration has continued with the Business embargo in both president Bill Clintons Administration as well as the President Bush’s governance. The relationship between the U.S and Cuba is major dominated by restrictions and conflicts. These include economic sanctions and traveling limitations between the two countries. The consequence of such sanctions is reduced interactions in terms of commerce, politics and civilian relationships between the two countries. The U.S government idea of embargo is to facilitate peaceful transformation of Cuban governance from political instability to democracy and an administration that respects human rights (Roy 2000, 123). The embargo dates back to the Eisenhower’s administration in the U.S, this is the time when Fidel Castro took power. The U.S was so much involved with war against communism (Cold War) and it banned shipment of arms to Cuban since at the time, Castro was leading a large rebel group (Perez 2003, 274). The whole of the U.S administration since then has been characterized by

Surviving A Nuclear Attack Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Surviving A Nuclear Attack - Essay Example The very first assumption to take is that the individuals concerned are at least five miles away from the point of attack or explosion. This is because there is just no possible survival possible for anyone who is closer than the above mentioned distance. The second assumption is that the people are aware of the political scenario of the world including the current affairs. This is because, if the people are not updated regarding their surroundings, chances are that they will not following most of the steps shown below. The second assumption will be catered to afterwards. However unlikely this may sound, but people must make some prior arrangements for a nuclear attack (Bruno, 2010). This rational may not sound logical without the above mentioned assumption. This step is only possible if the government takes strong initiatives when the international environment is viable for a nuclear attack (Evans, 1980).The government must educate the people about the effects of the nuclear reactions and the radioactivity, thus ensuring that the people are planning ahead about a possible attack. The logic is that when the people will be warned and informed about the danger and the level of threat, then only the people can and will think about planning for their survival. Once it is clear that the people are planning for the survival techniques then the next step originates, which is, what are the measures? The answer to this question will give the details about the primary topic. The first part of the planning requires the people to make some basic changes to the structure of their houses. It should be clear that the surviving techniques apply only to those who have survived the initial explosion as mentioned earlier. The best advice for anyone is to stay in his or her house because an open space is the last place to be in a nuclear attack (Roberts). Now, when it is clear that people do need to make changes to their buildings, the

Feedback after reading loss of the creature written by Walker Percy Essay

Feedback after reading loss of the creature written by Walker Percy - Essay Example In the education sector, the teachers created the intentions they intend on the students based on the kind of impression they create during the classroom learning. In essence, the value of any object is lost due to the subjectivity that people imparts on the creature. To start with, Percy (1) discusses the image of the Grand Canyon and the way people under different circumstances see it. He considers two different people and the way they perceive the Grand Canyon under the circumstances they see it; while the discoverer puts a lot of value on the feature, a sightseer today will have very little value for this Canyon. For the discoverer, the Canyon is a new image and a new encounter and this is the ground in which he makes judgment of the object. He has the privilege to make personal judgment on the Canyon and deduce the value of the object at that moment. However, the sightseer is a person who knows about the object and some preformed expectations of the object. Likely, people who paid the feature a visit influence the sightseer and hence they create some predefined expectations of the image. Therefore, they will go with this image and will expect the image to conform to this image. When a sightseer goes with very high expectations, they may judg e the feature harshly and find it rather below their expectation. The point that passes here is that the image created by people about something influence the way people see that thing. Percy idea on the beauty of a creature is comparable to the day-to-day experiences, and the definition of beauty in the society. Beauty is subjective and the way people will describe a person will influence how others see that person. For instance, if before the encounter of someone has the image that that person is ugly, they will have such an attitude and it is this image that they will use to judge the person during their initial encounter. Likely, the person

Three arguments Essay Example for Free

Three arguments Essay Word critical argument analysis essay, focuses on three professional essays and how these authors construct their arguments using opinion and evidence. There are many different ways in which authors can construct their arguments. In the highly controversial topic of legalizing marijuana I found three very different styles of arguments in which the authors backed up their opinions with facts. In my reading of these arguments each writer had there own style. The first essay by Stephen B. Duke, Cannabis Captiva Freeing the World from Marijuana Prohibition, the second Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: Investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse and dependence, and the third Poll: Nationwide Marijuana Legalization Inevitable, each essay had a different way in proving there arguments. The authors all used the same tactics in persuading the audience. Arguing why marijuana should be legalized. In the first Essay written by Stephen B. Duke, Cannabis Captiva Freeing the World from Marijuana Prohibition, the author provides you with historical facts to back up his argument. He starts with how marijuana was used daily in certain cultures and goes through time showing that government abolishment is impossible. He states that government regulating the drug is possible specifically if the ban is lifted. In this argument it shows that the abolishment of alcohol only brought violence, crime and criminal organizations. In this essay it states that in the United States, large criminal organizations maintained by violence and bribery increasingly control the networks that distribute marijuana. By ultimately legalizing alcohol the government could control who it was sold to and the consumer could also rely on the quality of the liquor. By comparing marijuana with alcohol he argued that by abolishing marijuana only causes more problems and creates no way of containment. If marijuana was legalized the government could create sanctions and put control in there hands, creating no need for organized crime. The author used facts in history to support his argument. In this essay, Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: Investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse and dependence, the authors took a survey taken by individuals who lived in states where marijuana was legal and residents of states where marijuana was illegal. Cerda (2011)† We combined abuse and dependence into one outcome, since empirical findings indicate that it better captures the underlying prevalence of cannabis use disorders than dependence or abuse alone. While substance use disorders were originally conceived as a bi-axial syndrome with dependence capturing more physiologic dimensions of addiction and abuse capturing more behavioral consequences, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that abuse and dependence criteria, including cannabis use disorder criteria, represent a uni-dimensional construct† (para. 10). In this argumentative essay the writer takes the results of the survey and concludes that there is a strong relationship between use, abuse and dependence in states that have made marijuana legal. This argument shows that by keeping it illegal there are less people who use, abuse and become dependent on it. The author used a survey in which took results of states where marijuana was legal and where marijuana was illegal to support his argument. In the article, Poll: Nationwide Marijuana Legalization Inevitable, the author doesn’t argue a side either for or against marijuana. This article gives the results of a survey taken nationwide regarding marijuana. According to Kwtx (2014) ‘The telephone survey found that 75 percent of respondents — including majorities of both supporters and opponents of legal marijuana— think that the sale and use of pot eventually will be legal nationwide.†(para. 4) In conclusion he states that the results reflect nationwide marijuana legalization is inevitable. Without picking a side he concluded a survey of what people think will happen in the future either for or against its legalization. Although the poll didn’t reflect the fact that full legalization of marijuana is or isn’t wanted it shows you three fourths of a majority think it is inevitable that it will be legalized. This author used a survey without having an argument to support his article. Reference Duke, S. B. (2010). Cannabis captiva: Freeing the world from marijuana prohibition. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 11(2), 83-90. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/910990356?accountid=458 Cerda, m. (2011). Science direct. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/science/article/pii/S0376871611002742 KWTX. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.kwtx.com/centraltexasvotes/home/headlines/PollLegalization-Of-Pot-Nationwide-Is-Inevitable-253584841.html

Land Property Rights

Land Property Rights A number of prominent cases concerning land and property rights, which have mainly involved women, have been addressed throughout the previous few decades. The above scenario states fundamental principles within the rule of law that have been raised in past cases. In consequence, this paper will be considering various different outcomes of important court decisions, along with the relevant Acts and law that accompany such proceedings. In the scenario, it appears that John, the trustee want to sell Fairview Cottage, however Mary, the beneficiary objects to this. Following this, considerations will be given to the given scenario, and what advice should be given in such circumstances. Land law recognises two forms of property ownership, which have been defined as legal ownership and beneficial or equitable ownership. Beneficial ownership concerns a persons right to live in and use the property, along with the right to any financial gains when the property is sold. The result of beneficial ownership can, therefore, significantly affect the sale of a property. The issues concerning beneficial interest were highlighted in Turton v. Turton (1988), during which the Court agreed on the notion that beneficial interests were dependent upon the intent of both parties when purchasing the property. In Walker v Hall (1988), LJ Nourse stated, â€Å"It must always be remembered that the basis on which the court proceeds is a common intention, usually to be inferred from the conduct of the parties; that the claimant is to have a beneficial interest in the house. In the common case, where the intention can be inferred only from the respective contributions, either initial or under a mortgage, to the cost of its acquisition, it is held that the house belongs to the parties beneficially in proportions corresponding to those contributions† (As quoted in Family Law Week, 2007). In order to establish a beneficial interest the claimant needs to prove â€Å"a resulting trust by showing that it would be inequitable for the legal owner to claim a sole beneficial ownership† (Privy-council.org.uk, 1999). A resulting trust is where ones share of the property is proportionate to their contribution made. It Arises due to the intention of the parties. In the case of Drake v Whipp (1995) 28 HLR 531, Peter Gibson LJ stated that it is crucial to distinguish between the different types of trusts. He argued that the distinction was of ‘crucial importance in deciding the size of the claiments size in terms of contributions made. The case of Bull v Bull [1955] 1 QB 234 shows the intention of the parties can be determined by the contribution made. In this case Lord Denning in the Court of Appeal stated that the share of the property should be ‘in his or hers respective contribution and also explains that each of the parties is entitled to the ‘possession of the land if they gave a respective contribution. Peter Gibson LJ in Curley v Parks [2004] EWCA Civ 1515 further explains that only contributions made at the time are relevant. Later contributions are not relevant for a resul ting trust. In this scenario, Mary has contributed 50% of the purchase price. The contributions were made with the intention of the property being used as a family home for the couple and their 3 children. Thus she has an equitable/beneficial interest under a resulting trust. It is also obvious that the contribution was made at the time of purchase, so a resulting trust will be applicable for Mary. Once its established somebody has a equitable/beneficial interest i.e a resulting trust, it is also important to note if they are in actual occupation, if so then their interests will be overriding. There is no stautory definition of what is meant by actual occupation. Actual occupation was defined by Lord Wilberforce in Williams Glyns Bank Ltd. v. Boland [1981] as ‘some physical presence with some degree of permanence. This was further confirmed by Lord Oliver in Abbey National Building Society v Cann and Another [1991] 1A.C. 56 where he further stated the emphasis on the degree of permanence. Lord Oliver also discussed when the claimant must be in actual occupation. He said ‘actual occupation required to support such an interest as a subsisting interest must exist at the date of completion of the transaction giving rise to the right to be registered. The House Of Lords also said that purchaser is bound by all overriding interests, thus giving more rights to the current occupier. The case of Ferrishurst Ltd v Wallcite Ltd [1991] further indicates the necessities for an overriding interest. Once an overriding interest is shown then he/she will have greater rights. In this scenario Mary ‘lives at Fairview Cottage which indicates that she lives there with a ‘degree of permanance. She also fulfils Lord Olivers criteria because she still lives at Fairview Cottage along with her children. Once actual occupation and beneficial interest are proven then a overriding interest will be present and Marys rights will be greater than any other persons. The Land Registration Act 1925 (LRA) confirms this, where it states. â€Å"The rights of every person in actual occupation of the land or in receipt of the rents and profits thereof, save where enquiry is made of such person and rights are not disclosed†. Another important topic to discuss is the issue of overreaching. In City of London v. Flegg (1988), the court ruled â€Å"that the Fleggs had no interest in the house once the payment had been paid to the Maxwell-Browns, since their interest had been overreached† (Todd, 1996). In this case, Mr and Mrs Flegg claimed a beneficial interest in the property by virtue of s.70(1)(g) of the LRA 1925. According to Todd (1996), this â€Å" decision would probably be different today, following the enactment of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TOLATA), because overreaching would no longer occur.† Now, overreaching would only occur where the money is paid to atleast two trustees. Overreaching doesnt occur where the money is only paid to 1 trustee as seen in Williams Glyns Bank Ltd. v. Boland (1981). This led to Lord Wilberforce making the following statement; ‘a husband or a wife (in each actual case a wife) who has a beneficial interest in the matrimonial home, by virtue of having contributed to its purchase price, but whose spouse is the legal registered owner, has an overriding interest binding on a mortgagee (Wilberforce, 1980. As quoted by Mary Rose Plummer, 2007). In this scenario it is possible a potential purchaser may be able to overreach Marys interest if money is paid to atleast two trustees. However, it is unlikely that Marys interests will be overreached as there is only 1 trustee i.e. John. The rights of an occupant are dependant upon their legal status in relation to both the ownership of the given property and the other party. Individuals that are either married or registered in a civil partnership, according to British law, are automatically entitled to occupancy rights. In consequence, even when a spouse is not mentioned in the title deeds, he or she still has a right to live in the matrimonial home, as stated by the Family Law Act 1996. S.30(1) (FLA) , where the spouse can occupy house if owned by other spouse. However, this right is dependant upon where a divorce or dissoluteness of a civil partnership doesnt occur. In consequence, therefore, a person who is not on the title deeds, does hold certain occupancy rights. S. 31(10)(a) FLA 1996 states that matrimonial home rights are minor interests. For a minor interest to be protected, it must be registered by entry on the register of a notice. A notice is defined by the LRA 2002. An entry of a notice will protect the interest from any subsequent purchasers. If a notice isnt registered then ones right/interest may become void. As the property is legally owned by her spouse, Mary has the right to occupy it. In order to occupy the house however, she must register this right, by submitting a notice on the register. . It can also be argued that her interest as a spouse is only a minor interest, in relation to this a minor interest must also be registered under S. 29 LRA 2002. If this interest is not registered then it will not be binding. In addition, not only is Mary physically present, but she also holds clear occupancy rights, which include the right to exclude all those who do not hold the same rights. Fairview Cottage is clearly a matrimonial home, which was bought with the intention of being inhabited by both spouses, along with any existing or future children, of whom all would have a beneficial interest within the property. The fact that Mary is married to John, that they have three children, and has an equitable interest in the property as that she contributed financially towards the purchase of the property is clearly in Marys favour as stated in Family Law Week 2007 where it said â€Å"If you are married or in a civil partnership, your spouse or civil partner cannot sell the family home without your permission, even if your name is not on the title deeds† In addition, when considering the circumstances outlined within the given scenario, it is evident that Mary and John bought the house as a matrimonial home in which they intended to raise their family. As the couple are still legally married the house is still the family home, so the intention is still ongoing. S.14 of TOLATA 1996 lets anybody who has any type of interest in trust property to make an application for sale. In practicality, Mary can apply to the court to prevent John selling the house, or John can apply for the court to grant permission for sale. Even a potential purchaser wishing to buy the house can apply. As outlined in TOLATA 1996, matters referring to determining an application in accordance with section 14 are dependent on are stated in S.15; S.15 (1)(a) The intention of the individuals in attaining the property. S.15 (1)(b) The purposes or reasons for purchasing the property. S.15 (1)(c) The welfare of legal occupants, including children. The intentions of John and Mary when purchasing Fairview Cottage, as this paper has clearly demonstrated, was to provide a matrimonial home, which indicates that both had a common intention. The issue of matrimonial home is further discussed in S30 Family Law Act 1996, whereby a spouse has the right to occupy a property is he/she has a beneficial interest. Mary successfully fulfils this criteria. As S.15 (1)(a) and S.15 (1)(b) are still in existence, the court are likely to find in favour of Mary. They should prevent John from forcing a sale upon her. In addition to this, and in reference to the third factor S.15 (1)(c), the interest of the children is also and seen as an important consideration when considering beneficial applications. In the case of Re Evers trust [1980], LJ Omerod stated that it is important to underlay the importance of intention of the trust. In this scenario it was to prvide a family home. He further states that if the children are not mature it would be wrong to order a sale. This is further reiterated in the case if Williams JW v Williams MA [1976]. Therefore in this scenario, if the children are young, then the court is likely to find in favour of Mary, though if the children are mature then that fact should aid John. The ages of the children are unknown. Also, it is not sure what age is considered as ‘mature (it could be 18 or 21). If any of the kids are under 18, then a ruling in favour of Mary is likely. However, Judge Wroath in the case of TSB Bank plc v Marshall Others [1988] stated that even if the children are considered as adults, the courts may not take this issue into consideration when deciding on the sale of a property. Article 8 of the Human Rights Act (1998) states, â€Å"Everyone has the right for his private life and family life, his home and his correspondence,† which infers that children, who are profoundly affected by change brought about by parental disputes such as that portrayed within the given scenario, are protected by law. However the courts are not as likely to consider this in practicality. The courts are more likely to consider S.15 TOLATA 1996. However, as John is the legal owner/trustee of Fairview cottage, it is possible for him to sell under S14 TOLATA 1996 whereby the courts can grant him an application for sale. The courts in doing so would consider the factors listed in S.15 TOLATA 1996, to determine what action to take. In conclusion, it is evident that Mary has equitable interest of the property. An equitable interest together with actual occupation gives her an overriding interest. If she has this overriding interest then her position as a beneficiary would be even stronger, as her interests would override the interests of any other persons. However it is possible a potential purchaser may be able to overreach her interest. This is only applicable to where money is paid to two trustees, in this scenario John is the only trustee so it is unlikely that this will occur. If John wishes to evict Mary then he must apply under S. 14 TOLATA 1996. The courts will then consider the factors in S. 15 and any other factor it wishes to make a decision in regarding the sale. However, as outlined above it is unlikely that John will be successful. Although John is legally the sole proprietor of Fairview Cottage, the circumstances surrounding the purchase of the property strongly indicate that Mary is in a stronger legal position. The matrimonial status of the couple, for example, the fact that Mary significantly contributed towards financing the project, the original intentions of setting up a matrimonial home, and the presence of children, all indicate Marys right to beneficial ownership.

Making the World Safe for Baseball :: Sports History Athletics Essays

Making the World Safe for Baseball The national pastime, organized baseball’s self-proclaimed moniker, represented an important American institution as the Great War began to enmesh Europe. The game’s association with democracy bred a poignant sense of patriotism among the players, fans, and other baseball aficionados as the conflict slowly ensnared the United States. Around the country, reporters emphasized baseball’s important role in the impending European conflict: in the New York Times, Benjamin DeCasseres wrote, â€Å"the world ought to be made safe for baseball,† since, as long as baseball embodied American democracy, â€Å"the Kaisers and the Trotskys would strike out.†[1] Accordingly, notes Richard Crepeau, the game â€Å"took its role in the First World War quite seriously,† identifying itself as the â€Å"game of democracy.†[2] In his analysis, Crepeau stresses the sport’s willingness to accept the Great War and the government’s mobilizatio n efforts as both â€Å"good for America†¦and good for baseball.†[3] Harold Seymour, on the other hand, claims organized baseball demanded special favors and considerations from the government while maintaining an air of allegiance and patriotism.[4] An examination of Baseball Magazine, a premier baseball publication during this period, validates the latter argument, revealing the sport’s simultaneous claims of support for and exemption from the war effort. Up until President Woodrow Wilson’s declaration of war, organized baseball remained rather detached from the European situation. Despite the war’s emerging influence on the affairs of the country, the World Series of 1915, columnist F.C. Lane reported, represented a week in which the â€Å"united American people† could â€Å"forget the war†¦and talk and eat and dream of baseball and who will win the all important series.†[5] As the baseball season reopened the following April, the sport possessed an aloofness not uncommon throughout the rest of American society. An interview with Detroit Tigers star Ty Cobb demonstrates this position. Refusing to take sides in the European conflict while placing blame for belligerency on the continent’s imperial heritage, Cobb states, â€Å"No, I haven’t any decided notions in favor of either side. I believe the conflict was inevitable, according to the system followed by both parties in Europe.†[6] The editors of the publication seemed to agree with such detachment by proclaiming a moral supremacy reminiscent of President Wilson’s own rhetoric. While Europe impeded civilization’s progress, according to one columnist, America’s growing acceptance of Sunday baseball represented a most telling and â€Å"hopeful sign of that progress.

Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay -- One Flew Over the

Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Ken Kesey's One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest is a multidimensional novel with many important messages in which Kesey strives to relay to the readers. Kesey did not write this novel for the sole purpose of entertainment, even though it was very entertaining, but did write it with the intent to show the readers many realities of life. First of all Kesey shows in this book that how people are perceived in society may not really be how that person is and that things are sometimes different than what they seem. Secondly Kesey sends the message that a single person can be significant and make a difference in other peoples lives, and finally Kesey shows readers that the spirit a person has can live on and make a difference even when that person is gone. One message relayed by Kesey is the fact that in society people who may be thought of as "good people" who are trying to help (nurse Ratched), and people who are considered "bad people" by society (McMurphy, Acutes), may in reality be the opposite of what they seem. Just because society puts a label on people doesn't necessarily mean it's true. In this novel Kesey shows the true evil of nurse Ratched. He shows in detail the way she mechanically tares the men's courage, pride and eventually all of their manhood down to nothing. She even goes so far as to driving two men to suicide. Outside of the ward the Big Nurse is perceived as a "good person" and as someone who has dedicated her life to helping others. This view of nurse Ratched is reflected in the awards won by the ward that she has total control over and also by the Public relations man who guides a group of people through the ward telling ... ...otomy and by taking away a man who was like a god to the Acutes she would regain all of her control and put fear back into the men. What she did not realize was all of McMurphy's strength, courage and spirit would stay with the men. McMurphy, even after he was gone, still gave the men the strength to stand up for themselves and not let the Big Nurse regain her control of the ward. Although Ken Kesey's One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest was very entertaining he also had many point to get across to the reader. Ken Kesey drove home many truths of life, such as, a single person can make a difference in other peoples lives, things aren't always what they seem, and finally that a person's spirit can live on and stay with people causing them to change in seemingly impossible situations. This book was written to be very insightful and also extremely entertaining.

Process Essay - How to Wash and Polish a Car -- essays research papers

Process Essay - How to Wash and Polish a Car You should only wash your car with 100% Cotton towels (white only) that are made in the U.S.A. Only these towels will not scratch or leave swirl marks on your paint. The knap in the cotton will absorb a fair amount of dirt and keep it from coming in contact with your paint. When drying your car you should use 100% Cotton towels (white only) that are made in the U.S.A. or the Absorber. The absorber is made from Surgical Silicone and will not leave swirl marks on your car. However, the Absorber will not absorb dirt or particles like the towels. Therefore, you have to pay special close attention not to pick up any dirt with it. You could drag the particles along and swirl/scratch your car up some. I use the absorber and have not had any problems so far. I wash every painted surface on my car as well. What should I use to protect my car's paint finish? We use the Zaino Car Polish system on our car. Nothing else comes close to matching Zaino's unbeatable protection, shine and ease of use. Visit Zaino's website and read over all of it. What should you do before you apply that FIRST coat of Zaino? 1. Wash your car (using the 100% White Made in the U.S.A. Cotton towels) with Dawn dish washing liquid or equivalent. You want to get rid of any wax, polish, dirt, grease or grim off your car. 2. Don't dry your car off! That would be a waste of time in this case. 3. Get a Clay Bar from (Pep Boys (must be blue if you buy it from Pep Boys) or Zaino Z-18 Clay Bar). Place about 1-2 cap fulls of your favorite car wash in a spray bottle and fill it up with water. Shake and spray until you get the soapy water coming out. This step is optional but HIGHLY recommended! Start on a small section of your car. Spray the carwash water mixture in the spray bottle on the car and pull the clay bar across your paint. What?! Yeah, don't apply any pressure just pull it across. It should slide like a hockey puck on ice. Again, place no pressure on the bar, let the bar do the work for you. 3a. Have a bug stain? Just re clay until the stain comes off. You will need to knead your clay bar to keep the dirt and contaminants off the surface of the clay bar your are touching the car with. Same goes for tar spots or over spray from the factory! This stuff is great! 4. Do this to your whole car. Take your time!!! and make sure you keep the surface you ... ...ld do. You should let this dry to a haze before applying your next coat. Z1 usually dries by the time you finish putting it on your car. Grab another cotton applicator and I recommend starting with a coat of Z5 next. The same goes for Z5, dab a little on the applicator (or paint) and go for it. Start in the same spot you started with Z1. Once you finish your car, simply let it dry. How long is long enough? When you can swipe your finger through the polish applying very little (almost no pressure) pressure to the paint and the polish comes clean off and shines, then it is dry. Usually takes between 15 minutes and 2 hours. This depends on the temp and how thin you spread it. The more practice you get the less time to dry. I would let it set for a good 2 hours before touching it if this is your first time. Once Z1 and Z5 have dried, simply take a White 100% Cotton towel that is Made in the U.S.A. and wipe off the polish. Remember to turn the towel frequently so it comes in contact with dry sides of the towel. If your polish is not dry and you attempt to take it off, don't worry. You are essentially just pushing the polish around on the car. Give it some more time and then try again.

History of the Blues Essay

Conscious Hip-hop is the modern form of the blues. Both genres of music express the hardships of the African American people in their respective time periods or explain the culture surrounding the artist and/or their community. Through their lyrics, the artists from the two genres are able to spread the culture and experiences of the black race. Elements of the blues are rooted in African culture. The blues is one of the most influential styles of music, especially music of the early twentieth century. During its peak, the blues seemed to take on the role as the voice of the black population. Artist like Ma Rainey, Robert Johnson, and others alike were some of the great blues musicians. Although each artist sings about something different, they implant an emotion as well as spread the tribulations expressed in the song. In today’s world, conscious hip-hop has become the new blues. Although there are many musical alterations, conscious hip-hop currently serves the purpose that the blues once served for the African American community. This style of music speaks about the new hardships experienced by the community, and portrays it in a way that can be felt by anybody who has had the same, or similar, experiences. Blues Ma Rainey is considered the mother of the blues. She was known for her musical gifts, such as a wonderful bluesy tone. She was one of the pioneers of the blues as she was one of the first people, woman or man, to achieve notoriety and fame from this line of work. In Ma Rainey’s song, â€Å"Trust No Man†, she is lending advice to other women about the amount of trust that should be given to their male counter part. This song is one of the many problems experienced not only by black women, but women everywhere. Though it is not directly stated, the woman is in a relationship where her husband or boyfriend is constantly cheating on her, or at the very least, has experience with cheating men. Rainey continuously advises the woman not to allow the man out of her sight. During the release of this song, the world was still considered a â€Å"man’s world†. Consequently, this gave birth to the idea that men were allowed to cheat on their women and do whatever they wanted. All while the woman of the house stayed at home and waited for him. The song was extremely controversial, as well as popular. It was controversial because it was considered to be out of a woman’s place to speak her mind, let alone concern herself with the actions of what her husband was doing. With this in mind, Rainey’s song openly spoke out against it. It shined light onto the mistreatment of women by their men, as well as spoke against women letting it pass by as if it were acceptable to do so. As a result of all of those factors, the song was a female fan favorite. Ma Rainey gave a voice to the women who felt this way, but did not feel strong enough to speak out against it. This is just one way the blues contributed or spoke for the people. Robert Johnson’s mysterious background gave light to the spiritual/ unknown side of African culture. Robert Johnson was a blues guitarist and vocalist from 1933-1938’s. The song â€Å"Crossroad Blues† was one of his greatest recordings. The song talks about an encounter between Johnson and a â€Å"figure† at the crossroads. This song came about great fame because it is suppose to shed light on a â€Å"true† event that happened to Johnson. The legend goes that one day, Johnson was performing on stage when people began to humiliate him. Johnson ran out of town, and found himself walking down a lonely dark road. He came to a crossroad, where he had an exchange with the devil himself. The exchange was that the devil would grant Johnson musical talent if Johnson sold his soul to the devil. Johnson’s mysterious death added to the phenomena. The song talks about the unknown, which was something that was common in those times. Johnson, being a southern native, was probably exposed to things works such as voodoo, and selling of souls. Though this was not a hardship, it was a part of the culture for this time period. Big Bill Broonzy spoke out on situations that relate more with hardships in his song â€Å"Black Brown and White†. Big Bill Broonzy was a Chicago blues guitarist and vocalist. His song, â€Å"Black Brown and White† tells a story of the normal everyday struggles that the African Americans went through. In â€Å"Black Brown and White†, Big Bill Broonzy says, â€Å"Me and a man was workin’ side by side, This is what it meant, They was paying him a dollar an hour, And they was paying me fifty cent, They said if, you was white, ‘t should be all right, If you was brown, could stick around, But as you black, m-mm boy, git back git back git back†. African Americans were still considered less than whites, and segregation was still a huge part of society. As sad as it is, this was one of many social injustices imposed unto the African American community. Broonzy was able to use his music to share his experiences, as well as others’ experiences. Broonzy’s song â€Å"Black Brown and White†, gave a voice to the people who were enduring these hardships, and gave them hope in a â€Å"white ran† society that did not care about African Americans. Broonzy’s ability to speak out against the social injustice such as unequal rights was extremely influential. His style of playing helped in these efforts. A guitarist of the same genre, or style, used his talents to shed light on a different aspect. Muddy Waters is another Chicago Blues guitarist and vocalist. In his song, â€Å"Hoochie Coochie Man†, there are a lot of sexual references. It is also an example of call and response between a singer and the musicians. The style of guitar playing left room for a clearer understanding of lyrics, or a fuller sound. In â€Å"Hoochie Coochie Man†, there is separation, or a call and response musical interaction going on. But in many of Waters’ other songs, his guitar playing expands and thickens the texture of the music. The addition of the amplified harmonica, played by Little Walter, also helps add to the thickness of sound. The blues was changing; the use of the electric guitar, harmonica, piano (Otis Spann), and other musical techniques, brought on a new era and style of the blues. Muddy Waters was one of the pioneers in the change. The story of how the song came about is, Willie Dixon, Waters’ bass guitarist, was telling Waters about the song while Dixon and Waters were in the bathroom of a nightclub. Since Waters could not read, he rushed out to perform the song immediately, so that he would not forget it. Telling the group to play in the key of A, and no rehearsal prior to its performance (which is part of the reason for a call and response), added to the song’s tone as well. It was an instant hit everywhere it was played. Although there are voodoo references in a small portion of the song (which can be connected to Waters roots back down south), this song does not accurately describe any particular hardship of the African community. Waters perfectly portrays the life of a blues musician. Most blues musicians were in situations similar to the one that is described in â€Å"Hoochie Coochie Man†. Lustful women, who were looking to have sexual interactions with the artist, were constantly approaching blues musicians. The artist’s fame and social status attracted the hormones of many. This song reveals to the audience this aspect of a blues musician lifestyle during that time period. Hip-Hop Lupe Fiasco is the supreme example of conscious hip-hop’s claim to be the modern blues. Lupe Fiasco is a Chicago born artist who has produced and recorded many songs. He is today’s ideal conscious rapper. To define conscious rap â€Å"Conscious rap is a sub-genre of hip-hop that focuses on creating awareness and imparting knowledge. Conscious rappers traditionally decry violence, discrimination, and other societal ailments. It’s propelled by the conviction that radical social change comes through knowledge of self and personal discovery. † (about. com/consciousrap) Formally known as Lupe, he has three records, each touching on a subject that is currently affecting the African American community today. â€Å"He Say She Say† is a conversation, between three people, given from two different perspectives. The first perspective is between two people. An African American baby’s mother is discussing an issue with the father of her child. The two are not together, and consequently, the father neglects his duties to his son. As time passes, it takes a toll on the child academically and emotionally. The second conversation is the actual child and the father. The son discusses the way he feels about his father’s absence and how it is affecting him. The feelings of anger, sadness and disgust are felt through the tone and lyrics of Fiasco. There is no clear ending as to what happens next, so the listener does not know if the situation betters afterwards. This is a current problem today. Many African American children grow up fatherless, which leaves the mothers to play both roles. Fiasco’s inspiration was not an internal factor, but rather his friends and people around him in his community. Actually, Fiasco’s father played a huge role in Fiasco’s persona. While reading through biographies about him, I got the idea that Fiasco understands that without his father, Lupe would not be the person he is today. Jonylah Forever† is one of Fiasco’s most recent hits. It is about the life story of a six-month-old baby, Jonylah Watkins, who was shot five times (and killed) while in the minivan with her father (who lived). The song starts off saying â€Å"How bout them bullets ain’t slow you up You ain’t really die, we watched you grow up†, giving her the opportunity to live. The song goes on a path that guesses at what her life could’ve been. It talks about how the shooting changed her life and made her interested in learning. She graduates high school early, becomes a doctor, and in a intriguing twist, Fiasco ecreates the shooting that took her life, and makes it so that in the song, she was able to save herself. Sadly, this did not happen, but Fiasco’s lyrics opens up the eyes of many listeners so that they can see the pain and suffering violence causes, which is still one of the biggest crimes in America, especially in the African American population. In â€Å"Bitch Bad†, Fiasco brings up the influence of today’s provocative and vulgar music. A innocent young boy, who is no older than six, is defiled mentally while relaxing with his mother. The mother is listening to, and repeating, music, that refers to herself as a bad bitch. This corrupts his idea of what exactly is respectful and endearing. Since his mother is his only source of womanly standards, he believes all women must be that way; they must all be a bad bitch, or appreciate when he calls them a bitch. Parallel to the young man’s story, a little girl watches music videos that have a lady dressed in a bikini, shaking her booty. Although her favorite rapper made the video that the little girl is watching, Fiasco says that the little girl is barely listening to the lyrics. She is actually much more influenced by the lady dancing with her favorite rapper, so she pays more attention to that. As stated in the song, â€Å"Yeah, now imagine a group of little girls nine through twelve, On the internet watchin’ videos listenin’ to songs by themselves†¦ They’re young, so they’re malleable and probably unmentored†¦ Until that intelligence meets their favorite singer’s preference â€Å"Bad bitches, bad bitches, bad bitches That’s all I want and all I like in life is bad bitches, bad bitches† Now let’s say that they less concerned with him And more with the video girl acquiescent to his whims† (rapgenius. om) This paints a picture that the music most artists produce today, is not just music. Music is a means of molding and sculpting the younger generation. Conclusion The two genres of music, the blues and conscious hip-hop, have a striking relationship. The blues speaks out to the emotions a nd experiences of the community. It also spreads the culture and mindset of the community. Ma Rainey’s â€Å"Trust No Man† was a public service announcement to women. Her strength and strong will stood for what was right. The same is true for Fiasco’s style of music in general. He is a strong believer in removing the vulgarity from the music. Though the mistreatment is in a different form, the two are closely related. Women in today’s African American culture have been seen as nothing more than sexual objects. The clothing they wear, the lyrics that people rap about them, or even the dances, creates this idea that they are supposed to be treated in such a horrible manner. Just as controversial as it was for Rainey to speak bout such mistreatment, Fiasco’s approach to hip-hop is anti hip-hop today. Jonylah Forever† relates a lot with the emotion with which Johnson sings with in â€Å"Crossroads†. Johnson’s wife died before the recording of it, and the deep emotion and pain that is felt as he is singing Crossroads, is the same type of inflicted emotion that is caused by listening to the story of Jonylah Watkins. Though Fiasco paints a picture where she does not die, when the listener comes to the understanding that the six-mo nth-old baby was actually shot to death, the feeling that her father must feel is casted upon the listener. The other songs I’ve listed on my playlist like Muddy Waters’ â€Å"Hoochie Coochie Man†, or J. Cole’s â€Å"Lost Ones† serve just as other listens that support my thesis. The bond shared between the blues and conscious hip-hop is strong. I am not saying the blues is conscious, nor am I saying the opposite. Clearly, conscious hip-hop does not follow an eight, twelve, or sixteen bar chord progression. Nor does the blues poets speak their words without some type of melodic tone. However, I do believe that today’s conscious hip-hop serves the same purpose that the blues served in its early beginnings. Both were the voices of people, and both used their musical talents, insight, and lyrics to positively portray the people. The music correctly depicts the mindset or thinking of their respective communities and eras. Their music is for the hopeful, motivation for the hopeless, and actually has substance to it, which is the ultimate purpose of both the blues and conscious hip-hop.

National Security Strategy Comparison

Mid-Term Essay – Compare/Contrast European Security Strategy (ESS) with US National Security Strategy (NSS) By James E. McDonald Regional/Cultural Studies Lesson 03 24 Mar 2013 Instructor: Col (ret) Frank Belote Air Command and Staff College Distance Learning Maxwell AFB, AL The Security Strategy of the United States has marked similarities and differences to the Security Strategy of Europe. This can be effectively traced to the similarities and differences between the two cultures themselves, particularly in the cultural factors of religion, modernization, ethnicity/nationalism, and geography.The US and Europe have different responses to the modernization of warfare from traditional (ships, armies, tanks, aircraft) to â€Å"asymmetrical† (terrorism, cyber-warfare), largely from differences in geography: With the notable exceptions of Pearl Harbor and the World Trade Center, our enemy threat has been thousands of miles away, while Europe has seen two bloody â€Å"world wars† and acts of terror committed right on home soil.However, for the purposes of this paper, I will focus on religion and ethnicity/nationalism, and how these two factors affect strategic culture. Culture is important. It defines what’s important to a group, or nation. It emerges in stated doctrine, laws, strategy. It defines who we ARE. There are common views, interests, priorities, and verbiage in both Security Strategic documents. Major powers are at peace. The world economy has grown; globalism is increasingly important. We must reduce dependency on foreign energy.We have a commitment to alliance with each other (US and Europe) via NATO (Obama, 2010, 1-9) (European Security Strategy, 2003, 2-14). NATO has made a strong tie between the US and Europe since it was created to contain the Soviets, integrating Europe and the United States politically and militarily (Friedman, 2011, 1). In fact, â€Å"For any kind of military planning and operations with regard to Russ ia, the Europeans will prefer to act through NATO rather than the EU. † (Valesek, 2008, 1)In contrast to the above commonalities, the United States document, while acknowledging that â€Å"no one nation—no matter how powerful—can meet global challenges alone†, repeatedly shows glimpses of â€Å"Nationalist† overtones with statements such as, â€Å"Our country possesses the attributes that have supported our leadership for decades—sturdy alliances, an unmatched military, the world’s largest economy, a strong and evolving democracy, and a dynamic citizenry. † (Obama, 2010, 1-9). The European document, on the other hand, openly and repeatedly calls for â€Å"Unification† and â€Å"Cooperation† (European Security Strategy, 2003, 1-8).The United States can draw from European religious history and ethnic origin, which gives it some cultural similarities. At the same time, the birth of our nation was so much more recent, and so dramatically different from the beginning of European history, that it’s no wonder there are fundamental differences in culture. Even before the Declaration of Independence (â€Å"God† and â€Å"truth† referenced) or the US Constitution were drafted (â€Å"freedom of religion†), early America was rooted in Christianity. The first Pilgrims fled religious persecution in Europe.Christian doctrine has been quoted in speeches given by American leaders from the beginning (Governor John Walthrop, Massachusetts Governor, 1630), to recent/present-day Presidents (Reagan, GW Bush, Obama), The United States has been referred to as something â€Å"different†, a shining example all the world to see and emulate, a â€Å"city on a hill†. (Walthrop, 1630, 1). America, from its beginnings to today, while welcoming diversity, continues to be a predominately Christian culture, allowing for religious overtones in national documents (mostly visible through reference to â€Å"values†, and â€Å"truth†).Europe on the other hand, in its challenge to unify the 27 countries that form the European Union (Rosenberg, 2011, 1), must tread lightly so as not to alienate or anger any portion of the contemporary combination of Christian, Muslim, and â€Å"Secular† cultures (Rubenstein, 2011, 1). Both the US and Europe are ethnically and racially diverse. Many marvel at the ability to retain direction and focus in the face of such diversity. Early America molded immigrants into a â€Å"melting pot†, mixing historical roots into a soup that became distinctly â€Å"American†.Nowadays, the preference is to hold on to ethnic differences and describe the result as a â€Å"mosaic† or â€Å"salad bowl† – separate pieces that, when viewed as a whole, create a larger picture (Branigin, 1998). In spite of this recent shift to retain ethnic individuality, America seems to successfully categorize this in to its frontiersman â€Å"rugged individualist† mentality, yet in shunning division along racial lines, manages to successfully embrace all groups into a sense of singular â€Å"nationalism†.Europe on the other hand, struggles to balance 27 nations, each with their own sense of nationalism, without giving significant preference to any one culture. The ultimate impact of these religious and ethnic/nationalistic differences is that, yes, the US National Security Strategy reads differently than the European Security Strategy. The variance in background results in different wording and stance, different reasons for why we do what we do, and the desired result. This can cause misunderstanding, and even distrust between these two great entities.However, it’s important to conclude that overall, we BOTH have the same ultimate intent: a continued commitment to trans-atlantic relationship, globalized economy, reduced dependency on foreign energy, and, most importantly, pe ace and security to our world (Obama, 2010, 1-9) (European Security Strategy, 2003, 2-14). In conclusion, many world researchers (including Samuel P Huntington in his map of â€Å"The World of Civilizations†), when identifying cultural categories in the world, group the US, Canada, Greenland, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand as â€Å"the West† (Huntington, 1997, 26).Due to the emphasis on strong religious roots, belief in right, manifest destiny, and ethnic diversity in the United States, our stated objectives and self-identified role in the world is unique. However, overall, European – US strategy and culture are not so remarkably different. BIBLIOGRAPHY Branigin, William, â€Å"The Myth of the Melting Pot: America’s Racial and Ethnic Divides. Immigrants Shunning Idea of Assimilation† (Washington, DC: Washington Post, 25 May 1998), http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/national/longterm/meltingpot/melt0525a. htmEuropean Security Strategy , A Secure Europe in a Better World, (Brussels, 12 December 2003), 2-14 Friedman, George, â€Å"The Crisis of Europe and European Nationalism† (Austin, TX: StratFor Global Intelligence, 13 September 2011), 1, http://www. stratfor. com/weekly/20110912-crisis-europe-and-european-nationalism Huntington, Samuel P. , â€Å"The World of Civilizations† The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, NY: Touchstone, 1997), 26-27 Obama, Barack, National Security Strategy (Washington, DC: Whitehouse Archives, 2010), 1-9Rosenberg, Matt, â€Å"European Union Countries† (About. com, 09 December 2011), 1, http://geography. about. com/od/lists/a/eumembers. htm Rubenstein, Richard L. , â€Å"Islam and Christianity: The Roots of Europe’s Religious Identity† (New English Review, December 2011), 1, http://www. newenglishreview. org/custpage. cfm/frm/102790/sec_id/102790 Valesek, Tomas, â€Å"Europe’s Defence and its New Security Strategy † (Center for European Reform Bulletin: London, England, Dec 2007-Jan 2008), 1, http://gees. org/documentos/Documen-02705. pdf Walthrop, John, â€Å"Modell of Christian Charity† (Massachusetts, 1630), 1,

On Theory of Brief History of Translation Essay

Abstract In general, since mankind started translation activities, the study of translation has never ceased. Discussions about translation have become so frequent that various translation theories have been formed gradually in Chinese. In this paper, Habermas’s theory of communicative action reinterpreting the concept of the understanding of translation studies, and Translation to indicate this special form of cross-cultural communication in how to effectively interpret metaphor. Keywords: theory of communicative action; metaphor comprehension; translation 1. Introduction Translation is a metaphor of language as the carrier of the cross-cultural communication activities, but also a language that will carry the message to another language to the inter subjectivity of communicative action. Inter subjectivity of communicative action for the research, after Germany modern philosopher Habermas’s â€Å"theory of communicative action† (Theory of Communication Action) opened the door for people new window. The theory is  swelling in different philosophical ideas and views to choose based on the creation of a complex, multifaceted â€Å"rational alliance system†, it â€Å"understood† as the core language, based on critical theory of the financial community, general pragmatics, social evolution theory as a unified framework. 2. Under the theory of communicative action the concept of translation studies to understand 2. 1 Translation studies in the new way – AC Zhu act theory. Translation Studies from the traditional structural linguistics semantic stage to stage, the development of transmission 90 to the 20th century deconstruction of the stage, after a lengthy process. Semantic translation of the traditional paradigm by the impact of the classical theory of knowledge, that â€Å"man is the soul,† the understanding of the object is totally dependent on the translator’s subjective feelings, emphasizing the translator’s understanding and inspiration, emphasis on â€Å"spirit† and â€Å"Transformation†, had gained the so-called flash in the pan. Because it is too much emphasis on the translator’s initiative to make this cross-cultural communication activities translate into a mystical practice. 80 years of the 20th century, structural linguistics in China set off a new upsurge in Translation Studies. People started to pay attention the text, try to use linguistic analysis methods instead of intuitive feeling that in the complicated hidden behind the words of a universal and regularities, as long as it can control the expression of all, making the translation into a simple mechanical operation, that is, the semantics of a target language are stored in the source language and regulations put a rule in the semantic content of thought into the preparation of. Obviously, such a tool and went to the other extreme – too much emphasis on language as the object of the role of law, then followed by the fierce criticism of the ideological trend. Deconstruction gives people a new way of thinking. It broke structure, deconstruction of the system so that the provisions of one dollar to diversify the situation, the logical name translation from the language of Sri Lanka fetters doctrine, but still it will be translated once again into the irrational, too much publicity consciousness, so that interpretation becomes an infinite delay activity, the understanding and exchanges between people seems to have become impossible. How to overcome this ideology of intolerance, effective language as medium of intercultural communication activities? I believe that the use of Habermas’s theory of communicative action, for the translation of research to find a new way of reason. 2. 2 Translation understands the concept of re-interpretation. A French translator said: â€Å"The translation is to understand and make people understand. † Building understanding is the cornerstone of translation is the first step in the process of translation, not a good understanding of the translation step. When we think the theory of communicative action has opened a new translation of the windows, it is necessary to understand the concept of re-interpretation. Habermas believes that the language as a medium of social interaction, verbal communication to understand each other, or far from effective communication. Communicative action in the language, that language, the analysis can be regulated. Each speech acts and statements have the effect the dual structure. Purposes of section as the main statement, in the communication layer between the main body; and vice statement as part of statement, in the main contents of the table between the layers. Part of the implementation of speech acts in a decisive role, because it limits the relationship between language and the listener, but also the meaning of the Statute of the contents of the statement. The two structures in the speech act are interdependent. Sometimes words that are a part of which may be stressed, but it does not mean denying other part, but it only temporarily relegated to a secondary position. For example, â€Å"my phone battery died,† the phrase, seemed to be merely stating the fact that mobile phone battery is dead, but in fact it implies a variety of behavioral significance; ? because the battery died, so I just did not pick up the phone; ? I must go recharge; ? I will not carry a cell phone and with PHS, the PHS something please call me. This is the hidden part of the implementation of, According to the specific situation; it would serve the purposes of this or that effect. Searle that â€Å"the idea of the original speaker, or intrinsic intentionality is converted to words, statements, signs, symbols, etc. , these words, statements, signs, symbols meaningful to speak out if they have a From the speaker’s thoughts in the derived intentionality. They not only have the traditional linguistic sense, but also with the intention of the speaker’s meaning. â€Å"This is undoubtedly the words of Habermas and similar to the dual structure theory. Accordingly on the significance of understanding is also necessary to double the corresponding division. Understand a word should be divided into two to look at the presentation layer is the known what on the issue, and in the communication layer is the know-how of the problem. Know -what is the statement that those who understand how to reach such a clear knowledge and understanding that it can acquire the knowledge; from the perspective of those who understand, to ask him to be able to understand semantics, syntax, rules, line up the â€Å"words, statements, mark the symbol â€Å"what constitutes the meaning. know how is the statement that those who have the ability to construct or implement the ability of this speech act is an implicit awareness of the rules; from the perspective of those who understand, to ask him who can understand the speech of this implicit awareness of the rules. In this dual understanding, understanding of the content of verbal expression is an understanding (know-what), but to those who truly grasp the inner speech must enter double intentionality level understanding (know-how), that is part of the implementation of the understanding. Therefore, understanding can not be stuck in the form of a priori judgments must be reached in the communication process. to understand the goal is to guide a recognition that â€Å"the sharing of knowledge, trust each other, the two international interdependence consistent with the subjective. â€Å"It not only includes the traditional understanding of linguistic expressions, but also† in connection with each other that the normative discourse related to the correctness of the background, and between the two main some kind of coordination â€Å", and† the two participants in the process of communication is something the world to reach understanding, and the intention to make himself understood each other. † 3. Metaphors Habermas’s theory of communicative action on the construction of translation studies methodology has the macro guidance of translation practice is also instructive significance? View of the Newmark said, â€Å"metaphor translation is a microcosm of all the language translation, because translation to the translation of metaphor methods were showing a wide range of choices: either transfer its meaning, or reshape its image, or a modification of their, or their meaning and image of the perfect combination. â€Å"The following instructions will use the metaphor theory of communicative action in cross-cultural communication The Interpretation of. Metaphor is a phenomenon of language use in the â€Å"Dictionary not found in metaphor. † Metaphor from the modern point of view of science should be in the form of metaphor with the exception, belong to different categories in the semantics, logic dislocation, resulting in a semantic conflict, and when the listeners have responded to the conflict, it generates a metaphorical sense, that is a metaphor to understand the words. For the metaphor of the operating mechanism, it was actually made such a description: â€Å"Metaphor involves two different areas (areas) concept; the production of metaphorical meaning is the result of the interaction between the two concepts. This interaction by mapping the way in the mapping process, belonging to a related concept and structure of the field was transferred to another area, the final after the formation of a new synthesis of conceptual structure, that is, metaphorically. And this mapping and integration process is based on two areas of similarity in some respects. â€Å"This is no doubt that the understanding of the need to double by metaphor. The process of understanding metaphors consist of two parts: the identification and metaphorical meaning metaphors inference. In fact this is a secondary level of understanding into the process of understanding. Give an example of people often referred to â€Å"The tongue is a fire â€Å", from the presentation layer of understanding (an understanding),† tongue â€Å"by the American Heritage Dictionary defines this way:† the fleshy, movable, muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is principal organ of taste, an aid in chewing, and swallowing, and, in human beings,, important organ of speech â€Å". We can say that the tongue is an important organ as the human body, the first and most vertebrates have the same taste and chew and auxiliary swallowing function, in addition to, or who have speech capabilities important language organ. to the basic meaning of the center, tongue behind the formation of the word meaning a large collection: it can mean something shaped like a tongue, such as tongue of flame (flame), guiding tongue (rail-oriented switch rail), switch tong (switch to copper), can also refer to human speech acts and speech capabilities, for example, hold one’s tongue (keep silent), lose one’s tongue (lose the capacity to speak, as from shock). The other key words in the speech act of fire, in the American Heritage Dictionary can be found in the following definition; â€Å"a rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied not flame†.  the same , the meaning behind it can be found in the collection, such as, cooking fire (cooking fire), forest fire (forest fire), wild fire (wildfires), the fire of cannon fire), and other specific forms of the fire. You can also find other meaning, such as the boy is full of fire (which decided the boy is very warm and excited), He was on fire for mismanagement (because of poor management and blamed). When the tongue and the fire both carry the meaning of their huge collection of words is embedded in the basic language of A is B frame (sentence) to go when the logical relationship between the two on the adoption of â€Å"is’, to interact. † Is â€Å"used to denote a equivalents. it literally, or change a point of view, the presentation layer from the listener’s understanding of the term should be reasoning as follows:† the tongue is a fire â€Å". † is â€Å"meaning that the two sets is in some ways equivalent. However, we are both from the above understanding of the meaning of the word of view, they clearly belong to two different categories, among them with a ‘`is† connected, the the equivalent of conventional logic does not work, so from the presentation layer, we can identify this is a metaphor, thus completing the first part of understanding metaphors. When the listener is clear that to use metaphorical language behavior, the expressed will of the true meaning of metaphors to infer, that understanding will enter the second stage of course, understand the purposes of this part of speech acts, understanding â€Å"the original speaker’s thoughts, or inner intention. † Can be assumed that if â€Å"The tongue is a fire† is said to give an artist is accused by the media to listen to, then the speaker or may contain a sympathetic glance report of intention. Artists are always much media attention, due to For various reasons, may be one-sided media, the exaggerated reports of certain facts, and spread such a report will be turned into a stumbling news and rumors, they will more or less to the artist himself or his cause to bring a number of trouble. The context is the equivalent of the tongue and the fire provides a logical possibility: the tongue – the language of human organs – the words of the act – media coverage – people reported adverse reactions (Wei news and rumors) – to the artists themselves or their cause trouble (damage to reputation or hinder the cause of development), the fire – will shine the chemical substances – excessive light and heat of fire, destroying things, or even result in death, so that both the destruction of the found a similar function, logical reasoning tenable. â€Å"The tongue is a fire† means a variety of popular artists and no shortage of opinions and statements in the news or rumors coffee, they may attack their personality, or even because of their presence, the company lifted the employment relationship, or no one would dare ask this artistes. So we have reason to infer that the speaker is the issue of Renyankewei sigh, or cautioned entertainers say and pay attention to their own to avoid capture by the media hype after which her career. At this point, the listener to complete the original speech act of an effective understanding, guiding the listener and the speaker of some sort of recognition. Complete understanding of metaphor, must be made through an understanding (understanding of the content of verbal expression) to reach two to understand (the intrinsic intentionality of the speech understanding of those). In the same language system is the case, between systems in different languages should be so, because only then can an effective cross-cultural exchanges. How should we operate on the self-evident metaphor translation, or the preservation of the source language metaphor, or metaphor replaces the target language, or to have the target language  dominance feasibility, as long as it helps the reader to complete the intention of listening comprehension. 3. 1 Preservation of the source language metaphor. When the Metaphor and figurative language and translation in the source completely or substantially the same language, the metaphor for the body of the source language, target language readers will have to listen to listen to readers of the source language similar to the psychological Lenovo, and complete understanding of similar intent, target language are advised to preserve the source language metaphor. such as: Links to Research (1) He is the only foxes. English fox, fox and Chinese refer to the same animal, when it was used as that person when they contain â€Å"cunning† in Italy, even listen to the reader and writer, said in a different language systems and cultural background, it can effectively understand the implementation of the partial speech act: be careful of this man, he is cunning. Another example: (2) think tank think tank â€Å"Think tank† in the Chinese culture does not exist in, but the â€Å"library† in Chinese culture, store things in the middle, so even though the people in Chinese culture has not been recognized with the â€Å"library† to describe the characteristics of â€Å"thought â€Å"The collection, but this† library â€Å"of knowledge to guide on English culture† think tank ‘, the identity, so â€Å"library† This Vehicle can save down. After all, this cross-cultural communication, we can not underestimate the listen to the reader’s understanding, not to deprive them of their understanding of rights. In the translation process, in order to achieve the purpose of cross-cultural communication, and sometimes need to work to preserve the source language metaphor, that metaphor at the same time preserve the source language to make the appropriate explanation. Such as: (3) What will it be when the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop? Here is the vulnerable place, the heel of Achilles, for capitalistic production. (Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844) If the complete cessation of growth in annual production, what the situation is going to do? Like Achilles heel, as this will be the Achilles heel of capitalist production.